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pragmatic kr of Chinese Learners' Pedagogical Choices in Korean In addition to learner-internal factors CLKs' awareness of pragmatic resistance and the relational affordances they could draw on were important. For instance, RIs from TS and ZL both have cited their relationships with their local professors as a major reason for them to choose to avoid criticising a strict professor (see the example 2). This article reviews all local practical research on Korean until 2020. It focuses on core pragmatic topics including: Discourse Construction Tests The test for discourse completion is a common tool in the field of pragmatic research. It has numerous advantages, but also a few disadvantages. For instance it is that the DCT cannot take into account the cultural and individual differences in communication. Additionally, the DCT can be biased and can result in overgeneralizations. This is why it should be analyzed carefully before it is used for research or for assessment purposes. Despite its limitations, the DCT can be a valuable tool for investigating the relationship between prosody and information structure in non-native speakers. The ability to manipulate the social variables that are relevant to the manner of speaking in two or more steps could be a benefit. This characteristic can be utilized to study the role of prosody in different cultural contexts. In the field of linguistics, the DCT has emerged as one of the most significant tools to analyze learners' communication behaviors. It can be used to investigate various aspects that include the manner of speaking, turn taking and lexical selection. It can be used to determine phonological complexity in learners speaking. A recent study utilized an DCT to test EFL students' refusal skills. Participants were given a set of scenarios to choose from and were then asked to select the most appropriate response. The researchers found the DCT to be more effective than other methods for refusing, such as videos or questionnaires. However, the researchers warned that the DCT should be used with caution and should include other types of methods for collecting data. DCTs are usually developed with specific linguistic criteria in mind, such as content and form. These criterion are intuitive and are based on the assumptions of the test designers. They may not be precise and could misrepresent the way ELF learners respond to requests in real-world interactions. This issue requires more research into different methods of assessing refusal competence. In a recent study, DCT responses to student inquiries via email were compared with the responses of an oral DCT. The results showed that DCTs favored more direct and conventionally indirect request forms and used less hints than email data. Metapragmatic Questionnaires (MQs) This study examined Chinese learners' pragmatic decisions regarding their use of Korean through a variety of tools that were tested, including Discourse Completion Tasks (DCTs), metapragmatic questionnaires, and Refusal Interviews (RIs). Participants were 46 CLKs of upper-intermediate who participated in MQs, DCTs and RIs. They were also asked for reflections on their evaluations and refusals in RIs. The results indicated that the CLKs often resisted native Korean pragmatic norms, and their decisions were influenced by four main factors such as their personalities, their multilingual identities, ongoing lives, and their relational benefits. These findings have pedagogical consequences for L2 Korean assessment. The MQ data was analyzed in order to identify the participants' choices in practice. The data were categorized according to Ishihara's (2010) definition of pragmatic resistance. Then, we compared their choices with their linguistic performance on DCTs in order to determine if they were a sign of a pragmatic resistance. The interviewees also had to explain why they chose an atypical behavior in certain situations. The results of the MQs, DCTs and z-tests were examined using descriptive statistics and Z tests. It was found that the CLKs frequently resorted to the use of euphemistic phrases such as “sorry” and “thank you.” This is likely due to their lack of familiarity with the target language, which led to an insufficient knowledge of korea pragmatic norms. The results showed that CLKs' preference to diverge from L1 and L2 norms or to converge toward L1 differed based on the DCT situations. For example, in Situation 3 and 12, the CLKs preferred to diverge from both L1 and pragmatic norms while in Situation 14 they favored a convergence to L1 norms. The RIs also revealed that the CLKs were aware of their pragmatism in every DCT situation. The RIs were conducted one-toone within two days after the participants completed the MQs. The RIs were recorded and transcribed, then coded by two coders from different companies. The coders worked in an iterative manner and involved the coders reading and discussing each transcript. The results of the coding process were contrasted with the original RI transcripts, which gave an indication of how well the RIs were able to capture the fundamental behavior. Refusal Interviews (RIs) The central problem in the field of pragmatic research is: Why do certain learners refuse to accept native-speaker norms? Recent research has attempted to answer this question with a variety of experiments, including DCTs MQs and RIs. Participants comprised 46 CLKs and 44 CNSs from five Korean Universities. They were required to complete the DCTs in their native language and to complete the MQs either in their L1 or their L2. Then, they were invited to a RI where they were asked consider their responses to the DCT situations. The results showed that on average, the CLKs disapproved of the pragmatic norms of native speakers in more than 40% of their responses. They did this even when they were able to produce patterns that resembled natives. They were also aware of their pragmatism resistance. They attributed their actions to learner-internal factors such as their personalities and multilingual identities as well as ongoing life experiences. They also mentioned external factors like relational benefits. For instance, they outlined how their relationships with professors helped facilitate a more relaxed performance in regards to the intercultural and linguistic standards of their university. The interviewees expressed their concern about the social pressures and penalties they could face in the event that their local social norms were not followed. They were concerned that their native interlocutors may view them as “foreigners” and think they were incompetent. This concern was similar to the concerns voiced by Brown (2013) and Ishihara (2009). These findings suggest that native-speakers' pragmatic norms are not the norm for Korean learners. They may still be useful for official Korean proficiency tests. Future researchers should consider reassessing the validity of these tests in various cultural contexts and in specific situations. This will allow them to better comprehend how different environments could affect the practical behavior of L2 students in the classroom and beyond. This will also aid educators create better methods for teaching and testing Korean pragmatics. Seukhoon Paul Choi, principal advisor at Stratways Group in Seoul, is a geopolitical risk consultancy. Case Studies The case study method is an investigative technique that relies on participant-centered, deep investigations to explore a specific subject. It is a method that makes use of multiple data sources to help support the findings, such as interviews and observations, documents, and artifacts. This type of investigation is ideal for studying specific or complex subjects which are difficult to assess with other methods. In a case study, the first step is to define both the subject and the goals of the study. This will allow you to determine which aspects of the subject matter are essential to study and which could be left out. It is also beneficial to read the literature to gain a better knowledge of the subject and put the issue within a larger theoretical framework. This study was conducted on an open source platform, the KMMLU leaderboard [50] and its benchmarks that are specific to Korea, HyperCLOVA X and LDCC-Solar (figure 1 below). The results of this experiment showed that L2 Korean learners were particularly dependent on the influence of native models. They were more likely to pick incorrect answer choices that were literal interpretations. This was a deviation from a precise pragmatic inference. They also had an unnatural tendency to add their own text or “garbage,” to their responses, which further hampered their response quality. Additionally, the participants in this case study were primarily L2 Korean learners who had attained level 4 in the Test of Proficiency in Korean (TOPIK) at the end of their second or third year of university, and were aiming to reach level 6 in their next attempt. They were questioned about their WTC/SPCC, pragmatic awareness and understanding perception of the world. The interviewees were given two situations, each involving an imaginary interaction with their co-workers and were asked to select one of the following strategies to employ when making a request. The interviewees were then asked to justify their choice. Most participants attributed their pragmatic opposition to their personalities. For instance, TS claimed that she was hard to get close to, and so she did not want to inquire about the health of her interlocutors despite having an intense workload, even though she believed that native Koreans would do this.